Forman–Ricci communicability curvature of graphs and networks

Estrada, Ernesto
European Journal of Applied Mathematics , 1-25 (2025)

Geometric parameters in general and curvature in particular play a fundamental role in our understanding of the
structure and functioning of real-world networks. Here, the discretisation of the Ricci curvature proposed by
Forman is adapted to capture the global influence of the network topology on individual edges of a graph. This
is implemented mathematically by assigning communicability distances to edges in the Forman–Ricci definition
of curvature. We study analytically both the edge communicability curvature and the global graph curvature and
give mathematical characterisations of them. The Forman–Ricci communicability curvature is interpreted ‘physically‘
on the basis of a non-conservative diffusion process taking place on the graph. We then solve analytically
a toy model that allows us to understand the fundamental differences between edges with positive and negative
Forman–Ricci communicability curvature. We complete the work by analysing three examples of applications of
this new graph-theoretic invariant on real-world networks: (i) the network of airport flight connections in the USA,
(ii) the neuronal network of the worm Caenorhabditis elegans and (iii) the collaboration network of authors in
computational geometry, where we strengthen the many potentials of this new measure for the analysis of complex
systems.


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