Erratic Liouvillian skin localization and subdiffusive transport

Longhi, Stefano
Quantum Science and Technology 11, 025042 (1-16) (2026)

Non-Hermitian (NH) systems with globally reciprocal couplings—such as the Hatano–Nelson
model with stochastic imaginary gauge fields—avoid the conventional NH skin effect, displaying
erratic bulk localization while retaining ballistic transport. An open question is whether similar
behavior arises when non-reciprocity originates at the Liouvillian level rather than from an
effective NH Hamiltonian obtained via post-selection. Here, a lattice model with globally reciprocal
Liouvillian dynamics and locally asymmetric incoherent hopping is investigated, a disordered
setting in which Liouvillian-specific effects have remained largely unexplored. While the steady
state again shows disorder-dependent, erratic localization without boundary accumulation, excitations
in the incoherent-hopping regime spread via Sinai-type subdiffusion, dramatically slower
than ordinary diffusion in symmetric stochastic lattices. This highlights that the genuinely distinct
Liouvillian signature is the coexistence of global reciprocity with ultra-slow, disorder-induced subdiffusive
transport, rather than the erratic localization itself. These results reveal a fundamental
distinction between globally reciprocal Hamiltonian and Liouvillian systems: in both cases the skin
effect is suppressed, but only in Liouvillian dynamics erratic skin localization can coexist with subdiffusive
transport.



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