;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;; GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE ;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;; rl-networks ;; rl-networks is an agent-based model where a population of players ;; embedded in a social network play a 2x2 game using a simple ;; Bush-Mosteller reinforcement learning algorithm ;; ;; Copyright (C) 2009 Anxo Sánchez, Luis R. Izquierdo & José M. Galán ;; ;; This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or ;; modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License ;; as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 ;; of the License, or (at your option) any later version. ;; ;; This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, ;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of ;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the ;; GNU General Public License for more details. ;; ;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License ;; along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software ;; Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA. ;; ;; Contact information: ;; Luis R. Izquierdo ;; University of Burgos, Spain. ;; e-mail: luis@izquierdo.name ;extensions [array] ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;; VARIABLES ;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; globals [ list-of-players ;; average number of buyers reachable by each buyer ;; in an infinite number of steps avg-accessibility clustering-coefficient ] ;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;; BREEDS ;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;; breed [players player] players-own [ active? my-nbrs my-n-of-nbrs node-clustering-coefficient nbrs-in-radius-1 tmp-nbrs ] ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;; MODEL SETUP ;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to startup clear-all setup-players set list-of-players sort players build-initial-network update-graphs end to setup-players set-default-shape players "circle" create-ordered-players num-players [ fd 30 set size 1 ] ask players [ set active? ifelse-value (random-float 1.0 < initial-cond-active) [true] [false] ] end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;; MAIN PROCEDURE ;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to go let signal ifelse-value (random-float 1.0 <= external-signal) [true] [false] ask one-of players [ if active? != signal [ let my-active active? let fraction-diff-nbrs ((count my-nbrs with [active? != my-active]) / my-n-of-nbrs) if fraction-diff-nbrs >= threshold [ set active? (not active?) ] ] ] tick update-graphs end to update-color set color ifelse-value active? [blue] [red] end ;; resize-buyers, change back and forth from size based on degree to a size of 1 to resize-players ifelse ( not (any? players with [size > 1]) ) [ ask players [ set size sqrt count my-nbrs] ] [ ask players [ set size 1 ] ] end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;; GRAPHS AND DATA GATHERING ;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to update-graphs ask players [update-color] do-plots end to plot-accessibility let steps accessibility-steps if accessibility-steps = "Infinity" [set steps num-players] let accessibility-list [accessibility steps] of players let max-accessibility max accessibility-list set-current-plot "Accessibility Distribution" set-plot-x-range 0 (max-accessibility + 1) ;; + 1 to make room for the width of the last bar histogram accessibility-list set avg-accessibility mean accessibility-list end to do-plots set-current-plot "Active" set-current-plot-pen "active" plot count players with [active?] set-current-plot-pen "inactive" plot count players with [not active?] set-current-plot "Histogram" let l [count my-nbrs with [active?]] of (players with [not active?]) histogram l set-current-plot "Histogram-2" let ht2 [count my-nbrs with [not active?]] of (players with [ active?]) histogram ht2 end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;; NETWORK OPERATIONS ;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to build-initial-network if network-structure = "random" [ build-random-network] if network-structure = "preferential attachment" [ build-preferential-attachment-network pref-attachment-links] if network-structure = "double ring" [ build-double-ring-network] if network-structure = "star" [ build-star-network] if network-structure = "grid 4 nbrs" or network-structure = "grid 8 nbrs" [ build-grid-network] ask players [set my-nbrs link-neighbors set my-n-of-nbrs (count my-nbrs)] set num-links count links plot-accessibility find-clustering-coefficient end to build-random-network ;; you cannot create more undirected links than (num-players * (num-players - 1) / 2) set num-links min list num-links (num-players * (num-players - 1) / 2) if-else num-links < (0.72 * (num-players * (num-players - 1) / 2)) [ repeat num-links [add-random-link] ] [ ;; make a fully connected network let tmp-list-of-players list-of-players ;; this creates a list where players are sorted in ascending order by who number foreach list-of-players [ let first-player first tmp-list-of-players set tmp-list-of-players but-first tmp-list-of-players ask first-player [foreach tmp-list-of-players [create-link-with ?]] ] ;; and randomly delete the necessary links ask n-of ((num-players * (num-players - 1) / 2) - num-links) links [die] ] end to build-preferential-attachment-network [n-of-edges-per-new-vertex] ;; This is Barabási and Albert's "preferential attachment" model of network growth (See Newman, ;; "The structure and function of complex networks", sec. 7B). Basically, each new player selects ;; "pref-attachment-links" other players to link to, who are selected with probability proportional to ;; their number of existing links. let vertices shuffle sort players if n-of-edges-per-new-vertex > 0 [ ask (first vertices) [create-link-with (item 1 vertices)] let list-of-vertices-repeated list 0 1 let n-of-vertices-in-the-network 2 repeat (length vertices) - n-of-vertices-in-the-network [ let vertices-linked [] while [(length vertices-linked < n-of-edges-per-new-vertex) and (length vertices-linked < n-of-vertices-in-the-network)] [ let vertex-to-link one-of list-of-vertices-repeated if not member? vertex-to-link vertices-linked [ set vertices-linked fput vertex-to-link vertices-linked ] ] ;; now link the vertices ask (item n-of-vertices-in-the-network vertices) [foreach vertices-linked [create-link-with item ? vertices]] ;; and update list-of-vertices-repeated set list-of-vertices-repeated sentence list-of-vertices-repeated vertices-linked repeat (length vertices-linked) [ set list-of-vertices-repeated fput n-of-vertices-in-the-network list-of-vertices-repeated ] set n-of-vertices-in-the-network (n-of-vertices-in-the-network + 1) ] ] end to build-double-ring-network ;; seated in a round table and links to the one on the right and the one on the left (foreach list-of-players (fput last list-of-players but-last list-of-players) [ask ?1 [create-link-with ?2]] ) set num-links count links plot-accessibility end to build-star-network ;; one player is randomly chosen. She links to all the others. ask one-of players [create-links-with other players] end to build-grid-network let players-per-line (ceiling sqrt num-players) let gap (min (list world-height world-width)) / players-per-line ask players [ setxy ((who mod players-per-line) * gap + min-pxcor + gap / 2) (int (who / players-per-line) * gap + min-pycor + gap / 2) ] ask players [ create-links-with other players in-radius (gap * ifelse-value (network-structure = "grid 4 nbrs") [1.4] [1.8]) set nbrs-in-radius-1 my-nbrs ] repeat (grid-radius - 1) [ ask players [set tmp-nbrs my-nbrs] ask players [ create-links-with other turtle-set ([nbrs-in-radius-1] of tmp-nbrs) ] ] end to add-random-link let node-1 one-of players let node-2 one-of players ask node-1 [ ifelse link-neighbor? node-2 or node-1 = node-2 [ add-random-link ] [ create-link-with node-2 ] ] end to-report accessibility [num-steps] let step 1 let reachable-players my-nbrs let old-length 0 let new-length count reachable-players while [ new-length != old-length and step < num-steps] [ set old-length new-length set reachable-players turtle-set remove-duplicates sort (turtle-set reachable-players [my-nbrs] of reachable-players) set new-length (count reachable-players) set step (step + 1) ] report new-length - ifelse-value (member? self reachable-players) [1] [0] end ;; The following two procedures have been copied from the ;; NetLogo Small Worlds model, in NetLogo's library. ;; Copyright at the end of this page. to-report in-neighborhood? [ hood ] report ( member? end1 hood and member? end2 hood ) end to find-clustering-coefficient ifelse all? players [count my-nbrs <= 1] [ ;; it is undefined set clustering-coefficient "undefined" ] [ let total 0 ask players with [ count my-nbrs <= 1] [ set node-clustering-coefficient "undefined" ] ask players with [ count my-nbrs > 1] [ let hood my-nbrs set node-clustering-coefficient (2 * count links with [ in-neighborhood? hood ] / ((count hood) * (count hood - 1)) ) ;; find the sum for the value at players set total total + node-clustering-coefficient ] ;; take the average set clustering-coefficient total / count players with [count my-nbrs > 1] ] end ;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;; Layout ;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;; to do-layout ;; the number 3 here is arbitrary; more repetitions slows down the ;; model, but too few gives poor layouts repeat 3 [ ;; the more players we have to fit into the same amount of space, ;; the smaller the inputs to layout-spring we'll need to use let factor sqrt count players ;; numbers here are arbitrarily chosen for pleasing appearance layout-spring (players with [any? my-nbrs]) links (1 / factor) (7 / factor) (3 / factor) display ;; for smooth animation ] ;; don't bump the edges of the world let x-offset max [xcor] of players + min [xcor] of players let y-offset max [ycor] of players + min [ycor] of players ;; big jumps look funny, so only adjust a little each time set x-offset limit-magnitude x-offset 0.1 set y-offset limit-magnitude y-offset 0.1 ask players [ setxy (xcor - x-offset / 2) (ycor - y-offset / 2) ] end to-report limit-magnitude [number limit] if number > limit [ report limit ] if number < (- limit) [ report (- limit) ] report number end ; *** NetLogo 4.0.4 Model Copyright Notice *** ; ; Copyright 2005 by Uri Wilensky. All rights reserved. ; ; Permission to use, modify or redistribute this model is hereby granted, ; provided that both of the following requirements are followed: ; a) this copyright notice is included. ; b) this model will not be redistributed for profit without permission ; from Uri Wilensky. ; Contact Uri Wilensky for appropriate licenses for redistribution for ; profit. ; ; To refer to this model in academic publications, please use: ; Wilensky, U. (2005). NetLogo Small Worlds model. ; http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/SmallWorlds. ; Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, ; Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. ; ; In other publications, please use: ; Copyright 2005 Uri Wilensky. All rights reserved. ; See http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/SmallWorlds ; for terms of use. ; ; *** End of NetLogo 4.0.4 Model Copyright Notice *** @#$#@#$#@ GRAPHICS-WINDOW 232 10 747 546 50 50 5.0 1 10 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 -50 50 -50 50 1 1 1 time CC-WINDOW 5 717 974 812 Command Center 0 CHOOSER 9 539 212 584 network-structure network-structure "random" "preferential attachment" "double ring" "star" "grid 4 nbrs" "grid 8 nbrs" 4 SLIDER 8 629 202 662 pref-attachment-links pref-attachment-links 0 100 1 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 9 592 181 625 num-links num-links 0 10000 800 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL BUTTON 5 10 72 43 setup startup NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 76 10 139 43 NIL go T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 144 10 227 43 go once go NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL SLIDER 4 73 227 106 num-players num-players 0 1600 400 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL PLOT 234 553 480 703 Accessibility Distribution # of reachable players # of players 0.0 2.0 0.0 10.0 true false PENS "default" 1.0 1 -16777216 false CHOOSER 488 559 630 604 accessibility-steps accessibility-steps 1 2 3 4 5 10 20 "Infinity" 5 BUTTON 488 608 631 641 Update accessibility plot-accessibility NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL MONITOR 634 551 745 604 NIL avg-accessibility 3 1 13 BUTTON 618 661 739 694 relax network do-layout T 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL BUTTON 491 661 615 694 NIL resize-players NIL 1 T OBSERVER NIL NIL NIL NIL SLIDER 3 153 228 186 external-signal external-signal 0 1 0.6 0.01 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 9 666 181 699 grid-radius grid-radius 1 10 1 1 1 NIL HORIZONTAL MONITOR 635 606 744 659 clust. coeff. clustering-coefficient 3 1 13 SLIDER 4 112 230 145 threshold threshold 0 1 0.441 0.001 1 NIL HORIZONTAL SLIDER 3 186 228 219 initial-cond-active initial-cond-active 0 1 0.6 0.01 1 NIL HORIZONTAL PLOT 758 37 958 187 Active NIL NIL 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true false PENS "active" 1.0 0 -13345367 true "inactive" 1.0 0 -2674135 true PLOT 765 260 965 410 Histogram NIL NIL 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true false PENS "default" 1.0 1 -16777216 true PLOT 765 418 965 568 Histogram-2 NIL NIL 0.0 10.0 0.0 10.0 true false PENS "default" 1.0 1 -2674135 true @#$#@#$#@ WHAT IS IT? ----------- This section could give a general understanding of what the model is trying to show or explain. HOW IT WORKS ------------ This section could explain what rules the agents use to create the overall behavior of the model. HOW TO USE IT ------------- This section could explain how to use the model, including a description of each of the items in the interface tab. THINGS TO NOTICE ---------------- This section could give some ideas of things for the user to notice while running the model. THINGS TO TRY ------------- This section could give some ideas of things for the user to try to do (move sliders, switches, etc.) with the model. EXTENDING THE MODEL ------------------- This section could give some ideas of things to add or change in the procedures tab to make the model more complicated, detailed, accurate, etc. NETLOGO FEATURES ---------------- This section could point out any especially interesting or unusual features of NetLogo that the model makes use of, particularly in the Procedures tab. It might also point out places where workarounds were needed because of missing features. RELATED MODELS -------------- This section could give the names of models in the NetLogo Models Library or elsewhere which are of related interest. CREDITS AND REFERENCES ---------------------- This section could contain a reference to the model's URL on the web if it has one, as well as any other necessary credits or references. @#$#@#$#@ default true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 5 40 250 150 205 260 250 airplane true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 135 15 120 60 120 105 15 165 15 195 120 180 135 240 105 270 120 285 150 270 180 285 210 270 165 240 180 180 285 195 285 165 180 105 180 60 165 15 arrow true 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 0 0 150 105 150 105 293 195 293 195 150 300 150 box false 0 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 285 285 225 285 75 150 135 Polygon -7500403 true true 150 135 15 75 150 15 285 75 Polygon -7500403 true true 15 75 15 225 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 285 150 135 Line -16777216 false 150 135 15 75 Line -16777216 false 150 135 285 75 bug true 0 Circle -7500403 true true 96 182 108 Circle -7500403 true true 110 127 80 Circle -7500403 true true 110 75 80 Line -7500403 true 150 100 80 30 Line 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